Stoichiometry is can be thought of the ratio of moles in a chemical reaction between the reactants and products. The coefficients in a balanced equation tell you the ratios and with this you can find how much of each element or compound is produced theoretically.
For example:
2H2 + O2 -> 2H2O
If you have 10 grams of Hydrogen (H2) you can find out how much water is produced with sufficient amounts of Oxygen.
By simply converting to moles (10 grams of H2 is 10/2 or 5 moles of H2) and then transferring to the other side you will know that you get 5 moles of water and that converted to grams is (5x18=90) 90 grams.
So in one step its:
10 grams of H2 x 1mol/2grams x 2H2O/2H2 x 18 grams / 1mol of 2H2O = 90grams
Here is a video that explain stoichiometry:
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