Organic Compounds: Esters, Ethers, Carboxylic Acids, Amines

Organic Compounds: Esters, Ethers, Carboxylic Acids, Amines

An Ester. "R" represents a carbon chain.

Ethyl propanaote.

Esters are organic compounds that have two carbon chains seperated by a oxygen atom and a double bonded oxygen. The carbon chain that doesn't include the double bonded oxygen (R2 in this case) is named first and given an "yl" ending, like methyl. The carbon chain including the double bonded oxygen is then name by replacing the suffix "e" with an "oate". For example in the diagram to the right the chain without the double bonded oxygen is simply named ethyl. The chain with the double bonded oxygen is then named propane for a carbon chain of three and then the suffix "e" is replaced with "oate" giving propanoate. Bringing both together gives the name "Ethyl propanaote".

Methoxyethane

Ethers are when a carbon chain is seperated by an oxygen atom and no double bonds. For naming, the shortest carbon chain seperated by the oxygen is named first and give the suffix "oxy" instead of "ane". Then the longest chain is named normally. In the diagram above the shortest chain is methane so it becomes methoxy. The other carbon chain is ethane and stays the same. Bringing the two components together the name becomes Methoxyethane.





Carboxylic acid. "R" represents a carbon chain.

Carboxylic acids are carbon chains with a double bonded oxygen and OH connected to a carbon atom at the end of a carbon chain. The suffix "e" is changed to "oic acid". For example if there is a carbon chain of four the name would be butanoic acid.

An amine. "R" represents a carbon chain

Amines are when NH2 are connected to a carbon chain. When the NH is at the end of the carbon chain the name is the carbon chain with "yl" suffix and amine after it. Though if the the NH is in the middle of the chain you can name the position with a number and put "amino" as a preffix.

Organic Compounds: Cyclo, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes

Organic Compound
(butene)

Organic Compounds: Cyclo, Alkenes, Alkanes, Alkynes

When naming basic organic compounds you need to know the prefixes for the number of carbons present in the longest chain.

In the above diagram on the left the names for each chain of carbons are written. These are the names of organic compounds that have one to ten carbons atoms in a single chain. If the ending of "ane" is changed to an "ene" (double bond) or "yne" (triple bond) it tells you that a carbon atom in the chain is sharing more than one electron with a carbon near it.

Butene Line diagram

In the above diagram is a Butene molecule (line form). To name this you look for the longest chain of carbons (which is four) giving you the base name of Butane. Then you realize that there is a double bond at the second carbon atom (remember to make the number you counted from as small as possible within the compound) so you put a 2 infront of the butane and replace the "ane" with a "ene" meaning that there's a double bond. The end result should be 2-Butene.

Cyclopentane

When naming a cyclo (a circular organic compound) you first need to find out if the cyclo portion has the longest chain of carbons within it or if that it is connected to another chain of electrons. If it is the main chain its easy as counting the carbons present in the chain and naming that if its an alkane, alkene or alkyne and putting cyclo infront of it. Like in the diagram above it can be seen that there are five carbons so the base name is pentane and since there are no double bond you can just say Cyclopentane. If the cyclo is just an addition the main carbon chain you just state the position of the clyclo with a number and then state how many are in the cyclo and name the rest of the compound normally.

methylbutane

Also when naming organic compounds there can be side chains of elements (in this case carbons). These are easily named by looking at how many are in the side chain and naming it accordingly; in the digram above there is one carbon in the side chain so you can write methane and since its a side chain instead of "ane" you write yl. These leaves you with 2-methylbutane.

Organic Compounds: Halides, Nitro, Alcohol, Keytones, and Aldehydes

2-Chloropropane

Organic Compounds: Halides, Nitro, Alcohol, Ketones, and Aldehydes

Beginning naming with halides(the above diagram), Halides are the halogens like chlorine, flourine, bromine, etc.. Its easy to name a compound with a halogen in it, all that needs to be done is to count the position on the main carbon chain and then to alphabetalize the things that come before the name of the carbon chain. When naming the halogen in the organic compound's name, remove the "ine" and replace it a "o". For example in the above diagram you have propane and a chlorine on the second bond; so it's simply named 2-chloropropane.



Nitromethane

Organic compounds can also include nitrite. When nitrite is connected to a carbon chain it has the same naming as halides except the "ite" is replaced with "o" giving you nitro. The naming is similar. In the diagram above there is a methane and a nitrite connected to it. Naming this is nitro for nitrite and methane, giving the name Nitromethane.



3-pentanol

Compounds including OH are classified as Alcohols. Naming alcohols changes the name of the carbon chain. The "e" at the end of the name of a carbon chain is removed and replaced with an "ol". For example in the above diagram the main carbon chain is pentane and there is a OH at the third carbon. So the name is 3-pentanol.

"R" represents a carbon chain

Ketones are when an oxygen atom that is double bonded to a carbon is connected to a carbon chain in the middle. Naming is as easy as numbering the position and removing the "e" in the suffix of the main carbon chain. If the carbon chain already had a change from the "ane" suffix "oxo" can be added to the beginning of the carbon chains name instead.

"R" represents a carbon chain

Aldehydes are when an oxygen atom is at the end of a carbon chain. Replacing the suffix "e" of the carbon chain and replacing it with "al" will give the compounds name. For example pentanal. Pentanal would have five carbon atoms connected by single bonds and one double bonded oxygen at the end.

VSEPR

Basic VSEPR configurations

VSEPR

Molecules are not flat in real life. They are three dimensional figures if they could be seen. Depending on the elements present and how many of each different Geometric shapes can be made from them. These geometric shapes vary but all share the idea that the angles between the electrons and atoms around a center element can be calculated.


water VSEPR

In the above diagram the Hydrogen atoms are 104.45 degrees away from each other and 127.75 degrees from the electrons of oxygen.

Chemical Bonding

Water molecule (H2O)




Chemical Bonding

The bonding of elements can be catagorized into either ionic or covalent. In an ionic compound the electrons are simply given from one element to another leaving one element positive and the other negative because of the shift of electrons.


Ionic bond of chlorine and sodium



As can be seen in the diagram the electrons from the valence shell are given to another element giving both elements a full valence shell. Covalent bonds are when electrons are shared. Depending on the electronegativity of the elements present the bond can become polarized. For example in water (the first diagram), oxygen has a higher eleconegativity and becomes slightly negative while the hydrogens become slightly positive. For covalent bonds inbetween the same elements or similar electronegativities the elements in the compound don't become polarized.

For a video reference go to: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjcCvzWwww

Bohr and Lewis electron dot diagrams

Bohr and Lewis electron dot diagrams

Bohr and Lewis diagrams are diagrams of elements that the valence electrons for each element are drawn. These electrons are the electrons that are shared or given away in covalent and ionic compounds. They include the "s" and "p" energy list. To draw a dot diagram you write the symbol for and element and draw a dot for evey valence electrons not putting two electrons beside each other until all sides of the element at least have one.



Lewis Diagram of Chlorine

For a video reference: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6QZRBIO0-o

Electronegativity and Polarity

(Red being the most electronegavite and yellow the least)

Electronegativity and Polarity

Electronegativity is the tendency of an element or atom to attract a bonding pair towards itself in a compound. It can range anywhere between 4(fluorine) and 0.7(francium). The higher the number the more likely that electrons will be pulled towards that element in a compound. When a compound is formed with two different elements depending on the electronegativity the elements become polarized. The symbols + and - mean "slightly positive" and "slightly negative". You read + as "delta plus" or "delta positive". The more electronegative element becomes slightly negatively charged while the less electronegative element becomes slightly positive.

In the compound of Carbon and Fluorine, the more electronegative Fluorine attracts the electron pairs and becomes slightly negative and with the carbon is left with less electrons near it becomes slightly positive.

For more insight try this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kj3o0XvhVqQ