Depending on how many electrons an atom has there is a set pattern that the electrons conform to. For each energy level there is a maximum amount of electrons that can be in them. For the "s" there can only be two electrons, "p" can have six elecrtrons, "d" can have ten electrons, and "f" with the most energy can have fourteen electrons within it. For instance elements within the second row of the periodic table can have their electrons written out as 1s^2 2s^2 2p^6.
Along side the electron configuration valence electrons are introduced. These are the electrons in the outter most, uncomplete shells of the "s" and "p". The electrons in these uncomplete energy levels are the electrons that are used in ionic and coavalent compounds. Also since only the "s" and "p" energy levels are taken into account for the valence electrons the maximum amount of electrons in the valence shell is eight.
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